Whole genomic sequencing of Staphylococcus aureus strain RMI-014804 isolated from pulmonary patient sputum via next-generation sequencing technology

Nosocomial infections, commonly referred to as healthcare-associated infections, are illnesses that patients get while hospitalized and are typically either not yet manifest or may develop. One of the most prevalent nosocomial diseases in hospitalized patients is pneumonia, among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens cause pneumonia. More severe introductions commonly included Staphylococcus aureus, which is at the top of bacterial infections, per World Health Organization reports. The staphylococci, S. aureus, strain RMI-014804, mesophile, on-sporulating, and non-motile bacterium, was isolated from the sputum of a pulmonary patient in Pakistan. Many characteristics of S. aureus strain RMI-014804 have been revealed in this paper, with complete genome sequence and annotation. Our findings indicate that the genome is a single circular 2.82 Mbp long genome with 1,962 protein-coding genes, 15 rRNA, 49 tRNA, 62 pseudogenes, and a GC content of 28.76%. As a result of this genome sequencing analysis, researchers will fully understand the genetic and molecular basis of the virulence of the S. aureus bacteria, which could help prevent the spread of nosocomial infections like pneumonia. Genome analysis of this strain was necessary to identify the specific genes and molecular mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity, allowing for a more in-depth investigation of its pathogenesis to develop new treatments and preventive measures against infections caused by this bacterium.

Effect of Salinity Stress on Germination, Seedling Growth, Mineral Uptake and Chlorophyll Contents of Three Cucurbitaceae Species

Abstract This study was performed to screen out the various species of 'Cucurbitaceae' family, musk melon (Kalash and Durga), bottle gourd (Crystal Long and Nuefield) and squash (Green Round, and Squash Malika) against the salt stress. All genotypes were treated with five different levels of NaCl (T0 = control, T1 = 1.5 dS m-1, T2 = 3.0 dS m-1, T3 = 4.5 dS m-1 and T4 = 6.0 dS m-1) and half strength of Hoagland's nutrients solution as the base nutrient solution. Results showed that the bottle gourd varieties "Nuefield" and "Crystal Long" performed best by maintaining the highest germination (93.2% and 85.6%), number of leaves per plant (4.5 and 5.7), shoot length (16.84 cm and 16.14 cm), root length (13.48 cm and 13.00 cm), plant fresh weight (942.2 g and 918.6 g), plant dry weight (118.4 g and 107.5 g), leaf area (171.2 cm2 and 169.1 cm2), chlorophyll content (3.5 μg/cm-2 and 3.4 μg/cm-2) with low chloride (1.57 ppm and 1.59 ppm) and sodium content (0.47 ppm and 0.51 ppm) under salt stress followed by varieties of Squash (Green Round, and Squash Malika) and musk melon (Kalash and Durga). It was also found that a higher level of salinity (4.5 dS m-1 and 6.0 dS m-1) has more adverse effects on the performance of all selected genotypes. Conclusively, it can be recommended that as compared to all tested species, bottle gourd varieties "Nuefield" and "Crystal Long" have the ability to withstand against salinity stress and should be planted under salt stress conditions.

Effect of bisphenol F, an analog of bisphenol A, on the reproductive functions of male rats

OBJECTIVE@#Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer primarily used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Bisphenol F (BPF) is apparently the main BPA replacement that is used increasingly. BPF has been detected in canned food, thermal paper receipts, and soft drinks. In the present experiment, we did both in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the effect of low and high-dose BPF exposures on testosterone concentration, oxidative stress, and antioxidants activity in reproductive tissues of male rats.@*METHODS@#Adult (80-90 days old) male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 36) obtained from the rodent colony of Animal Sciences Department of Quaid-i-Azam University. The direct effects of BPF on the antioxidant enzymes and testosterone secretion were measured in vitro and in vivo studies. In an in vivo experiment, adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 42) were exposed to different concentrations of bisphenol F (1, 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/d) for 28 days. Various biochemical parameters were analyzed including the level of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Moreover, sperm motility, daily sperm production (DSP), comet assay, and histological analysis were performed.@*RESULTS@#In vitro study showed that BPF exposure significantly (p < 0.05) induced oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., ROS and LPO, while it did not change antioxidant enzyme and testicular testosterone concentration. Whereas, an in vivo study revealed that BPF induced dose-dependent effect and high-dose (100 mg/kg) exposure of BPF significantly reduced tissue protein (p < 0.05) content, CAT (p < 0.001), SOD (p < 0.05), and POD (p < 0.05) levels while significantly (p < 0.05) augmented ROS and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, BPF reduces testosterone, LH, and FSH secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Significant (p < 0.001) reduction in plasma and intra-testicular testosterone, LH, and FSH was noticed at 100 mg/kg BFP dose. High-dose exposure reduces spermatogenesis.@*CONCLUSION@#BPF showed an antagonistic effect on male reproductive hormones and induce alterations in testicular morphology. Increased oxidative stress and decreased testicular antioxidant status might be the underlying mechanism of BFP-induced testicular toxicity.

Ameliorating potency of Chenopodium album Linn. and vitamin C against mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress in testes of Sprague Dawley rats

BACKGROUND@#Mercury has been documented as an industrial risk that posed a serious danger to human health. Mercury exposure results in oxidative stress that may lead to the pathogenesis of male reproductive dysfunction. The present study investigated the ameliorating potential of Chenopodium album L. and vitamin C against mercuric chloride-induced oxidative deterioration of reproductive functions in adult male rats.@*METHODS@#Group 1 (control) received saline. Group 2 received Mercury (0.15 mg/kg b.w, i.p) dissolved in distilled water. Groups 3 and 4 were given oral gavage of vitamin C (200 mg/kg b.w) and the ethanolic extract of C. album (200 mg/kg b.w) respectively, along with Mercury (0.15 mg/kg b.w, i.p). Group 5 was treated only with C. album (200 mg/kg b.w). After 30 days of the treatment, the rats were dissected and their testicular tissue and the cauda epididymis were used for biochemical analysis while blood plasma was used for protein determination.@*RESULTS@#The applied dose-treatment of Mercury-induced oxidative stress in the testis and cauda epididymis tissues of the rats was apparent by a noteworthy decrease in total protein, CAT, SOD, POD, and GST values while there was increase in ROS and TBARS levels. Furthermore, Mercury decreases daily sperm production and enhanced sperm DNA damage as noticeable by an increase in the head and tail length of comets and decrease in intact DNA. There was no significant effect on the body weight and the weight of the reproductive tissues. Treatment with C. album significantly ameliorated the total protein, ROS, and TBARS content. Similarly, the level of CAT, SOD, POD, and GST was significantly improved and the daily sperm production was significantly increased. Furthermore, C. album administration significantly protected Mercury-induced sperm DNA damage. The results of the extract treatment group were compared with those of vitamin C in detoxifying the oxidative stress and restoring the sperm parameters.@*CONCLUSION@#C. album showed protection against Mercury-induced oxidative stress by ameliorating antioxidant enzyme activity, daily sperm production, and DNA damage in rat testes. This suggests that C. album could be beneficial against toxicity induced by an environmental toxicant.

Risk factors of acute myocardial infarction among patients admitted in cardiology unit of a tertiary care hospital

Background: Acute myocardial Infarction is one of the most common causes of death in developed countries

Objective: To determine the risk factors of acute myocardial infarction and time of attack among patients admitted in cardiology unit

Methodology: Study site: Sheikh Zayed Medical college/ Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Study Subjects: 112 cases of acute myocardial infarction admitted in coroary care unti and 162 controls selected from attendants of cases. Study Design: Case Control Study. Study Duration: 1st October 2014 to 30th April 2015. Sample Size: A total of 324 subjects were included in this study,162 cases, having acute myocardial infarction and 162 controls, selected from attendants of patients of the same age group. Patients of acute myocardial infarction of either sex admitted in coronary care unit of Sheikh Zayed Medical College/ Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Patients having Liver disease, Renal diseases, Thyroid disease, Valvular Heart Disease, Cardiomyopathies, COPD and neurological disease. Variables included was age, Sex, Socioeconomic status, Education, BMI, Residence [Rural/Urban], Hypertension , Diabetes mellitus, Ischemic heart disease, Hyperlipidemia, Smoking, Time of onset of chest pain and obesity. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 20. Numerical variables like Age, BMI, Height and Weight were presented as Mean and Standard deviation whereas categorical variables like Sex, Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Smoking were presented as percentages. Chi Square test was applied to determine the association of different risk factors with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Ethical approval was sought from Institutional Review Board of the hospital. Informed verbal consent was sought from every study subject before data collection

Results: The risk factors association assessed was; rural residence 78 [58%], [P value=0.01], Retired persons 16 [80%], [P value=0.000], Businessman 22 [69%], [P value=0.000], Hypertension 67 [64%],[P value=0.000] Smoking 70 [64%],[P value=0.000], Family history, Hypercholestrolemia 11 [91%], [P=0.003] and Sedentary life style103 [60%],[P value=0.000]

Conclusion: Our study showed that; rural residence, retired person, businessman, smoking, hypertension, family history hypercholesterolemia, sedentary lifestyle, were significantly associated with acute myocardial infarction. It was noted that 12am-8am was most frequent time of acute Myocardial Infarction episode

Dissection of ascending aorta after aortic valve replacement and reduction Aortoplasty

A case of Debakey type-II [Stanford type-A] dissecting aortic aneurysm, after aortic valve replacement and reduction aortoplasty, is reported. The patient was 35 years male who was diagnosed of severe aortic regurgitation along with aortic root dilatation of 7 cm. He underwent aortic valve replacement with 27-A St Jude's mechanical aortic valve along with reduction aortoplasty. Nine months later, he was admitted to our hospital with complaint of severe sudden anterior chest pain. Computed tomography with aortic enhancement showed dilatation and dissection of ascending aorta. Successful operation of aortic root replacement with composite graft was performed and patient was discharged without any postoperative complication. The aortic diameter at the time of aortic valve replacement is an independent risk factor for the late aortic dissection

Mode of presentation of patients of dissociative [conversion] disorder at the armed forces institute of mental health

To determine the mode of presentation of dissociative disorders presenting at Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health. Cross sectional study. The study was conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health [AFIMH] Rawalpindi from 1[st] June 2013 to 31[st] August 2013. Fifty four patients of dissociative disorders were included in the study by using consecutive non-probability sampling. Category of presentation of dissociative disorders in the participants was determined by the primary mode of presentation and by using international classification of diseases [ICD]-10 diagnostic guidelines. The commonest type of presentation of dissociative disorders was mutism [40.7%], possession state [18.5%], pseudo fits [12.9%] followed by paraparesis [9.2%]. Predominantly the patients presented with mutism [dissociative motor disorder]

Traumatic duodenal injuries, surgical management

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to share our surgical experience of duodenal injuries management and to evaluate outcome of different surgical procedures

Study Design: case series

Place and Duration of Study: Surgical emergency Allied hospital Faisalabad from 01 June 2012 to 31 may 2014

Methods: All patients with traumatic duodenal injuries were included. Data included patient's profile, date of admission, mechanism of injury, grade of duodenal injury, type of procedure, and outcome

Results: Total number of cases in period under study was 29. There were 26 [89.7%] male and 3 [10.3%] female and mean age of 27.8 years. 62% cases were due to blunt abdominal trauma commonly road traffic accident and 38% penetrating injuries predominantly firearm injuries. Second part of duodenum was found to be the most commonly injured site in 55.17% case and grade II injuries accounted for 65.52% of total injuries. The most common operative procedure performed was Primary repair. Postoperatively 10.34% cases developed duodenal fistula, and the overall morbidity was found to be 34.48% and mortality 31%

Conclusion: It is concluded that blunt trauma abdomen is common cause of duodenal injury in our setup. Most injuries can be managed by primary repair. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention is most important factor for good results

Assessment of Impact of Cigarette Cautionary Labels in Warning People about the Smoking Hazards: Survey in Smokers and Non-smokers of Bahawalpur region.

Health warnings on cigarette packages are the widespread means of communicating the health threats of smoking. On the other hand, a small number of investigations have estimated the force of package cautions on customer information about tobacco harm threats.The ultimate goal of the research was to analyze the knowledge of smokers and non smokers in the region of Bahawalpur City of the country Pakistan that it is no longer a significant public health problem for our nation. Active and Passive smoking is very common in that region of country Pakistan.A questioner survey was carried out with 611 adult smokers and non-smokers from the region of Bahawalpur City. Volunteers were asked to state whether they supposed smoking is the reason of heart disease, stroke, impotence, lung cancer in smokers. Volunteers were also asked whether the following chemicals are present in cigarette smoke such cyanide, arsenic & carbon monoxide. Volunteers were also asked whether the warning labels reflected that tobacco products are hazardous and whether the warning labels are useful in quitting smoking. Different parameters also were also included like why it is difficult to quit smoking.Smokers in the Bahawalpur city showed major space in their information of the threats of smoking. Smokers who observed that cautions were considerably more likely to support health cautions, counting lung cancer and heart disease. Not much people were satisfied with the contents of warning labels in Pakistan and images played a important role in quieting smoking. Cigarette pack should contain big prints warning label, at both sides in more than one languages and should contain pictures. It is concluded that Smokers are fairly informed about the risks of smoking. Warnings that are graphic, larger, and more comprehensive in content are more effective in communicating the health risks of smoking.

Safety of single layer continuous extra mucosal gut anastomosis in emergency

To evaluate the safety and complications of a single layer continuous extra mucosal gut anastomosis in emergency. This descriptive study was conducted in emergency department of Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar over a period of ten months from September 2007 to July 2008. Study comprised of fifty consecutive patients after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The safety of anastomosis technique was analysed by postoperative complications of morbidity and mortility. Among 50 patients 80% were male and 20% were female, mainly young adults. Patients with anastomotic leakage were 8%. The rate of wound infection was 34%. Mean hospital stay was 7.22 days. Mortality was 8% due to septicemia and hypovolemic shock. Single layer continuous extra mucosal anastomosis is safe and with less anastomosis-related morbidity and mortality

Ethnobotanical studies and antimicrobial activity of chirchita [achyranthes aspera linn.] extracts

The ethnobotanical studies were carried out to know about the phonological data and the medicinal uses by the local villagers, tribal peoples in the four districts of western Uttar Pradesh that were surveyed. The antimicrobial activity was tested using Agar well method of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Chirchita [Achyranthes aspera Linn.] at different concentration gradient. Zone of inhibition was compared with standard drugs [Ampicillin for Gram Positive bacteria and Gentamicin for Gram Negative bacteria]. Against Gram Positive bacteria [i.e., Bacillus cereus [MTCC 430]] and Gram Negative bacteria [Klebsiella pneumoniae [MTCC 109]], Proteus vulgaris [MTCC 426] and Escherichia coli [clinical isolate] for antimicrobial activity. Chemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannin, oleonolic acid based saponins, amino acids, essential oil, steroids and resins as major compounds and the antimicrobial activity may be attributed to any of these compounds

Evaluation of risk of lag screw cut out in unstable intertrochanteric fractures

Object: To evaluate the risk of lag screw cut out in unstable intertrochanteric fractures

Material and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology [DOST] Liaquat University of Medical and Health sciences Jamshoro from January 2006 to December 2009. Unstable intertrochanteric fractures type A2 and A3 of AO classification fixed with DHS in stable [anatomic and wayn county] reduction, were included in study. All patients were assessed on six months follow up x-rays for cut out failure in different positions for placement of screw in femoral head. For placement of screw, femoral head was divided in 9 columns/zones on antero-posterior and lateral plane x-rays

Results: Out of total 66 study subjects 45 [68.1%] were males and 21 [31.8%] were females, 56 [84.8%] were of A2 and 10 [15.2%] of A3 type. Mean age was 65.41 years. Forty [60.6%] patients were fixed in anatomical reduction and 26 [39.3%] in wayn county reduction. The screw placement was 24 [36.3%] in central -central, 9 [13.6%] in central -inferior, 17 [25.7%] in posteriorinferior and 16 [24.2%] in remaining off central [unsatisfactory] zones. The cut out was in 2 patients [8.3%] in central-central , 0% in central inferior position , 3 patients [17.6%] in posterior inferior and 4 patients [25%] in remaining off central zones [all cut out were in superior zones of femoral head]

Conclusion: We conclude that placement of lag screw in inferior on AP and central on lateral view in femoral head gives excellent results after achieving stable reduction, having maximum bone to plow for cut out. But it is difficult and time consuming so if it is aimed in lower half on AP and central on lateral view in femoral head it will give better results

Thyroid abnormalites in patients with chronic hepatitis-C

To determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis-C. Case-series study. Department of Medicine, outpatient department of Internal Medicine at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. From April 25[th] till October 25[th] 2008

Clinical presentation and CT scan findings in patients of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes

To compare the weighted clinical score and computed tomography scan brain of patients of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. This descriptive non-interventional study was conducted on 100 consecutive patients of all ages and both sexes presenting with stroke within 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms due to hemorrhage or infarction but not due to transient ischemic attack, reversible ischemic neurologic deficit, sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, tumors or trauma. The patients were admitted and examined, Siriraj Stroke Score was applied to make the clinical diagnosis and this score was compared with CT scan of the brain as gold standard. Out of 100 patients, eight were excluded due to invalid Siriraj Stroke Score between+1 to-1. Among 92 patients, 58.7% [54] were male and 41.3% [38] were female with a mean age of 61.8 +/- 7.8 years. Mean diastolic blood pressure was 94.78 mm Hg with range of 50 to 160. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor being present in 57.1% of ischemic and 54.4% of hemorrhagic patients. Clinically 72.8% [67] patients had ischemic and 27.2% [25] patients had hemorrhagic stroke. CT scan showed 76.1% [70] patients had ischemic and 23.9% [22] patients had hemorrhagic stroke. For ischemic strokes, Siriraj Stroke Score is 87%sensitive and 73% specific having a positive predictive value of 91%. For hemorrhagic stroke, Siriraj Stroke Score is 73% sensitive and 87% specific with a positive predictive value of 63%. Yule's coefficient using Chi-square test showed a high comparability between clinical and CT scan diagnoses. Siriraj Stroke Score needs to be further modified to be more objective and it should be compared with diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging as gold standard and not with computed tomography of the brain

Hypothyridism in patients with chronic hepatitis-C

To determine the frequency of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with chronic hepatitis-C. Case-series study. Department of Medicine, outpatient department of Internal Medicine at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. From April 25th till October 25th 2008. A total of 73 patients were enrolled in the study. Data was entered and then analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences [SPSS] Version 14. Results are given for quantitative variables such as age are presented as means +/- Standard deviation and percentages are presented for hypo and hyperthyroidism. Stratification on age, gender, ALT levels and gender is undertaken to control for effect modification. Out of total of 73 patients 8 patients [11% of total patients] were found to be suffering from hypothyroidism. Out of these 8 patients 2 patients were males [6.9% of total male patients] and 6 patients were females [13.6% of total female patients]. Known duration of chronic hepatitis C infection in most of the patients suffering from hypothyroidism was 6-12 months [6 patients], however rest of 2 patients had known duration of chronic hepatitis C greater than 13 months. Looking at the ages of the patients in the study group with hypothyroidism showed that half [4 out of 8] patients were in the age group 35-43 years, however 2 patients were younger to the former group and were in the 25-34 age group, and remaining 2 patients were over the age of 44 years

comparative study of various types of hemorrhoidectomy

To compare the outcome of various operative procedures of hemorrhoidectomy. This comparative study was conducted in Surgical Department, LRH, Peshawar, from March to December 2005. Ninety patients with 2nd and 3rd degree internal hemorrhoids, were randomly divided in to three groups of 30 patients each: "Group A" low ligation and excision with anal stretch. [Group B]: low ligation and excision without anal stretch. [Group C]: closed hemorrhoidectomy. Postoperative pain was present in 4 [13.33%] cases in [Group A] and 3 [10%] cases each in [Group B] and [Group C]. Postoperative bleeding per rectum was present in 2 [6.66%] cases each in Group A and Group B and 1 [3.33%] case in Group C. Postoperative urinary retention was observed in 1 [3.33%] case each in Group A and group B only. Postoperative wound infection and Postoperative peri-anal abscess were recorded in 3 [10%] and 1 [3.33%] patients respectively in Group C only. Postoperative incontinence of flatus was reported in 1 patient [3.33%] of Group A only. Postoperative skin tags were seen in 2 [6.66%] cases of Group A, 1 [3.33%] case in Group B, and none in Group C. Recurrence was not observed in patients during follow up. Mortality was not encountered in the three groups. No statistical significance was found in these three operative procedures with respect to less pain during the early postoperative period and faster wound healing with no recurrence in any group

Frequency of helicobacter pylori in patients presented with perforated peptic ulcer

To study the frequency of H-pylori infection in patients with perforated peptic ulcer disease [Duodenal and Gastric]. During the study period a total of 85 patients were admitted with acute perforated peptic ulcer to surgical "C" unit Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from June 2004 to December 2005. They were operated and post operatively blood sample was taken for identification of antibodies against H-pylori by ELISA method. All patients irrespective of gender and age who were operated for perforated peptic ulcer were included in the study. Patient who gave history of intake of H2 receptor antagonist and Proton Pump Inhibitors up to six weeks prior to their presentation were excluded. Out of 85 patients studied and analyzed for antibodies against H-pylori, 77 [90.59%] were male and 8[9.41%] were female. Age ranged from 30-75 years. ELISA showed that 56.46% [n=48] were positive while 43.54% [n=37] were negative for antibodies against H-pylori. 87% [n=54] patients gave history of chronic dyspepsia. 47 of these were positive for H-pylori. All patients were treated with eradication therapy which consisted of clarithromycin, metronidazole and omeprazole. Six weeks after initial surgery blood samples were analysed for H-Pylori and were found to be negative. Patients who present with perforated peptic ulcer and gave history of chronic dyspepsia should be given eradication therapy post-operatively in order to reduce the incidence of recurrence

Primary anastomosis in the management of acute sigmoid volvulus with out colonic lavage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of single stage resection and anastosis for acute left sided colonic obstruction due to sigmoid volvulus. This study was conducted in the department of surgery Hayatabad Medical Complex and Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar Pakistan from January 2002 to Jun 2007. It included cases who presented with sigmoid vulvolus in emergency. All cases were operated by surgeons at senior registrar or above level. Resection of the sigmoid colon followed by primary anastomosis after simple manual decompression with out ontable colonic lavage or diverting stoma were carried out. Total number of patients who underwent bowel decompression, resection and primary anastosis was 80. Superficial wound infections occurred in 20% [n=16]. No death or clinical anastomotic failure was recorded. Hospital stay was 11.4 + 4.3[SD] days. Resection of acute sigmoid volvolus and primary anastomosis after decompression alone can be carried out safely in reasonably fit patients

Open preperitoneal [posterior approach] vs darning repair [anterior approach] for inguinal herniorraphy

Background: It is a single blind controlled prospective comparative study in which Open preperitoneal herniorraphy [OPH] is compared with conventional anterior approach i.e. Darning repair, regarding early complications [like pain, swelling, infection etc]and recurrence rate

Patients and Methods: The study was conducted in Surgical Unit-I Services Hospital Lahore over the period of 3 years from Jan 2002 to Dec 2004.A total of 80 patients of Inguinal Hernia were selected randomly for OPH and Darning repair. Only males over the age of 12 years without any co-morbid disease, admitted through OPD were selected for study. The patients were operated on elective list under General or Spinal Anesthesia. Postoperatively patients were kept in ward for at least 24 hrs and they were routinely followed up for 2 years on out-door basis after discharge

Results: Mean operation time for OPH 30 mins [20-60 mins] was shorter than Darning repair 45 mins [30-80 mins]. Most patients had mild pain after OPH [60%] as compared to Darning repair [40%]. The median time to return to work after OPH [2 weeks] was less than after Darning repair [4 weeks].But the incidence of subcutaneous haematoma formation [5%] was same after both types of repairs and there was no recurrence [0%] seen after 2 years, on follow-up

Conclusion: In conclusion Open-preperitoneal herniorraphy is better than conventional Anterior approach in terms of less operative time, post-op pain, early return to work, although there was no recurrence seen after both types of repairs